%PDF-1.4 % 21 0 obj<> endobj xref 21 32 0000000016 00000 n 0000001213 00000 n 0000000936 00000 n 0000001293 00000 n 0000001422 00000 n 0000001595 00000 n 0000002771 00000 n 0000003942 00000 n 0000003976 00000 n 0000004186 00000 n 0000004382 00000 n 0000004458 00000 n 0000004532 00000 n 0000010822 00000 n 0000011996 00000 n 0000012193 00000 n 0000013372 00000 n 0000013578 00000 n 0000024520 00000 n 0000039277 00000 n 0000053492 00000 n 0000056160 00000 n 0000067177 00000 n 0000082262 00000 n 0000105575 00000 n 0000105690 00000 n 0000105852 00000 n 0000106011 00000 n 0000106358 00000 n 0000106440 00000 n 0000106602 00000 n 0000106819 00000 n trailer <]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 23 0 obj<>stream xb``` i  ce`aa(kL``hӢvN%qo⅟A,wn -^zHEGX7fPqрb5dAaw@- E,Nij[@ w  L%V g#@D7\ endstream endobj 22 0 obj<> endobj 24 0 obj<> endobj 25 0 obj<>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 26 0 obj<> endobj 27 0 obj<> endobj 28 0 obj[/ICCBased 41 0 R] endobj 29 0 obj<> endobj 30 0 obj<> endobj 31 0 obj<> endobj 32 0 obj<> endobj 33 0 obj<>stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n /Cs6 CS 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 SCN 0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 36.318 807.426 m 36.318 -8.1179 l S /Cs6 cs 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn 0 300 612 492.06 re f BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 49.024 44.0971 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0001 Tc 0.0286 Tw (OPTIONS POLITIQUES)Tj /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 49.024 35.9668 Tm (SEPTEMBRE 2006)Tj /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 24.6938 44.0971 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (64)Tj ET -8.683 61.488 m 564.152 61.488 l S Q q 1 i 387.185 772.103 193.625 -193.625 re 33.877 44.097 m W* n 0 792 612 -792 re W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n /Fm2 Do Q q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F2 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 48.024 624 Tm /Cs6 cs 1 1 1 scn -0.0058 Tc 0.0287 Tw (Since the late 1970, fiscal relations in Canada have been driven first and foremost by)Tj 0 -1.3333 TD [(Ottawa)54.9(s decisions and handled on a program-by-program basis. Though pragmatic)]TJ T* [(and flexible, this approach, writes Har)-11.9(vey Lazar)49.8(, fails to provide a sense of direction)]TJ T* (to the federation and makes it hard for provinces and territories to anticipate federal)Tj T* (behaviour and plan for their fiscal future. In this article, he argues for a revised)Tj T* [(intergovernmental framework to achieve greater fairness and predictability)74.2(. T)71.7(o)0( that)]TJ T* [(end, he discusses three necessar)-11.9(y changes and proposes ways to achieve them: limit)]TJ T* [(Ottawa)54.9(s freedom to act on its own by adopting some form of protected)]TJ T* [(agreement, increase Ottawa)55(s share of the fiscal risk currently shouldered by)]TJ T* (provinces by returning to a form of cost-sharing on a 75-25 basis, and establish a)Tj T* (better balance between the provinces longer-term program commitments and)Tj T* [(Ottawa)54.9(s shorter-term commitments by removing time limits on federal transfers.)]TJ 0 -2.6667 TD -0.0001 Tc (Depuis la fin des annes 1970, les relations fiscales intergouvernementales sont)Tj 0 -1.3333 TD (principalemnt dtermines par les dcisions dOttawa et gres un programme la)Tj T* [(fois. Bien quelle soit la fois pragmatique et flexible, cette approche )-250.1(e)0(mpche)]TJ T* [(lapplication dune orientation claire pour la fdration, crit Har)-12.1(vey Lazar)49.7(, et)]TJ T* (permet difficilement aux provinces et territoires danticiper les orientations dOttawa)Tj T* [(et de planifier leurs budgets)-250.1(. Pour plus dՎquit et de prvisibilit, lauteur)]TJ T* (prconise donc de revoir le cadre intergouvernemental. Pour ce faire, il propose)Tj T* [(trois modifications)-250.1(: restreindre la libert dOttawa dagir unilatralement en)]TJ T* [(adoptant une forme d)-250.1(accord protg)-250.1()-250.1(;)0( accrotre la part du risque budgtaire)]TJ T* [(encouru par Ottawa en revenant un partage des cots de 75-25)-250.1(; amliorer)]TJ T* (lՎquilibre entre les engagements provinciaux long terme en matire de)Tj T* (programmes et les engagements financiers court terme dOttawa en supprimant)Tj T* (les limites de temps attachs aux transferts fdraux.)Tj ET /GS2 gs BT /F3 1 Tf 43.242 0 0 43.242 46.4189 216 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (O)Tj 9 0 0 9 86.524 240 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0174 Tc -0.0425 Tw [(ne plank that distinguished Conser)-12.3(vative and Liberal)]TJ T* 0.3381 Tw (Party platforms during the 2006 federal election)Tj T* -0.0236 Tw [(campaign was Conser)-12.2(vative support for the idea that)]TJ -4.2778 -1.3333 TD 0.1443 Tw (there is a fiscal imbalance in Canada that is disadvantaging)Tj T* 0.36 Tw [(provinces and territories. The 2006 federal budget subse-)]TJ T* 0.1405 Tw (quently set out five principles that are to guide the govern-)Tj T* 0.0144 Tw [(ment)54.7(s approach to the resolution of this issue: accountability)]TJ T* 0.0475 Tw (through clarity of roles and responsibilities; fiscal responsibil-)Tj T* 0.362 Tw (ity and budget transparency; predictable, long-term fiscal)Tj T* 0.1934 Tw (arrangements; a competitive and efficient economic union;)Tj T* 0.0287 Tw (and effective collaborative management of the federation. )Tj 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0166 Tw (How the government will implement these principles is)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD 0.225 Tw (still unknown. A range of possible policy solutions have)Tj T* 0.0007 Tw (been proposed: a further )Tj /F4 1 Tf 9 0 1.913 9 153.4924 84 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (explicit )Tj /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 184.0151 84 Tm 0.0008 Tw (transfer of federal tax room)Tj -15.1101 -1.3333 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1751 Tw [(to provinces/territories; an )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 9 0 1.913 9 166.7098 72 Tm 0 Tw (implicit)Tj /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 200.6761 72 Tm 0.1751 Tw (tax transfer by Ottawa)Tj 12.5026 18.6667 TD 0.0148 Tw [(simply cutting federal taxes and leaving room for provinces)]TJ 0 -1.3333 TD 0.1462 Tw (and territories to raise theirs if they so choose; increasing)Tj T* 0.0028 Tc 0.4274 Tw (federal cash transfers to the provinces and territories;)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0011 Tw (enhanced reliance on revenue sharing; and uploading some)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0028 Tw (provincial/territorial expenditure responsibilities to Ottawa.)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0561 Tw (Although choosing among these policy instruments is fun-)Tj T* 0.0977 Tw [(damental to managing the federation in the short run, no)]TJ T* 0.0738 Tw (specific fiscal action by the federal government on its own)Tj T* 0.0146 Tc 0.4155 Tw (is likely to satisfy provincial and territorial financial)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1363 Tw [(demands for ver)-12(y long. The current incentive structure of)]TJ T* 0.0895 Tw (intergovernmental relations is such that, whatever the ini-)Tj T* 0.3235 Tw (tial intergovernmental fiscal settlement, the provinces)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0287 Tw (and territories will inevitably and logically demand more. )Tj 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0288 Tc -0.0132 Tw (The purpose of this article is therefore to broaden the scope)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD 0.3706 Tw (of public debate by proposing reforms to the governance)Tj ET /GS1 gs BT /F2 1 Tf 24 0 0 24 48.024 738.3633 Tm 1 1 1 scn -0.0001 Tc 0.0287 Tw (REFORMING THE FRAMEWORK)Tj 0 -1.0417 TD [(FOR INTERGOVERNMENT)54.8(AL)]TJ T* [(FISCAL RELA)54.8(TIONS)]TJ 13 0 0 13 48.024 658.3873 Tm [(Har)-12.1(vey Lazar)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 34 0 obj<> endobj 35 0 obj<> endobj 36 0 obj<> endobj 37 0 obj<> endobj 38 0 obj<>stream HT{PSgOHM @rS Z_T@EE#@ .0(jQKŪT_fĥR\) Tύv:kgvΙ99wrN.+Ҕ :M̑3R.g\"T凹N~olj˭9`,hSa*vvt6*'c4gQe庒2*ѐk4M庼(/.R2*UW3Y41-җQٔIWg&]Unӕd(c>ۉ z!JXQ o۳pp8ì8#,N68uqz }k=__?’m<_DBqJ)WEn$Yt@99ӹ3rr5z8H!q wKu+uxS{Ixh Bb3mGow?t;EߡCS%F)]RT(CI٪Z١V~||)'T|TU*FZRV"v| x"l(E&B1hPpcDi#  'eDˉ(՗ bd/p{{ystuT-CZ쏻wHel$p!lϬ ۲!a<g'B,AdhOeNݣ< mxWOkzݡAqTfWXVn m<8]AFT4͉Gh&@![1i ^ G(7-4rjVqWqS'u\ trW6/F߇Fp!}ɫ!g9ZėNݖiKUlYV\9 CQADz/Olc090VH&rb1nN_1ϷC l'# y`k!T" i2yk|W,acoYV&d$NX>5 Ytw\#fC̃t1`yVF%i_|#/V^ )~88t\$Xw-+68d1EPڎ(bXKKpaa#z@z9_~ DAQ!JxD.Zr p/ ж5̐?5}A&aǜ8z6z?W PSg&{qMEMVAAAEyW!( VY]wVEDk鸶 *Q@ |,.ԉc]Ο nvf'ܛ{9}sRo`/No۽ I*78W9'+Q?M5W͋V Ck#%AMVcN ؟ĝN.Ԡ p㲘޸p%X^`T\pzOhN߃o#]G~6Xl9g9 ބgY1'4dvi}} ͒OsꚒ ֝ѪhW2Lejuf[ylwbcݵ@];*p^ Nh},`w&hJ.4v^9v"k`!6&i v.ĸo 8ٔI6,FcTF*e/$Az,BdhH= "j!g-bDF( '0614hRe'#9R̉O.m_x 7نum=2lTA*%Iripvbt#naB,j$-&{V,*VhU0/;Ƹ+ny+1=6^G4Wcp,5 jȷ $?M-j"`OSIr-;,HX Z(|KZX58ɸ0l2NelE'ڶנx}4jO V-֜9_ t6ھü"}YsչR**ti9ig+ՐqHA`H1Ѡ5%qgqP9ةjjRCdwL&mAD\֠(4*DqAqzquU"D]VD4 #_<Ff!h"EQ ఼a`@+%&D]-k~Cb6[{wEF黫+aMOJZr1uL 7 C?ox>L7&'Ԁdm17LX|# cm>]p(3Bi9 a{82S6jRKB o 6dRj;+tj t\K?ڑ[-1c<ָҁ4gMћ]82ǎH%Ȼߑ)*d<;=>"v@:0,E"wj|-X{?G;=+rCeVa E[ԃS'cȀ*K -8~03sAKΊ<B5} OF"U9<Ȗ2n34*PSEg=W_vKT;RT*- F>4|^'1!BZW-]Ҭ7* [}CÊ𲞄+ܽo|\X`>__y J+z eR9I+3iˏڜf*-9i3K0KOf1+mmV l=$,+;z_u뺕dpفb:1IK#u,uPZAD2 bEϞ4)/KI K`D A&x _Gj!ܴF%3B8`/4Sq_TB䜠 iR|X`= DS\FǁI7M>{Ÿ"k]ڟ5-v<_%'K6ث& Hh=@ +:HMWb?оoa˳u"V<TF,RT8[bD 7AMKZ}N-쪬?80bOWh[X:ZZ2 c.:'Mj[xHx]ge5Ƴ[mebwgtkTڳZA (ծ .>27/gsð@*γ4))0ֱW?ٻ5Y\{M;dž"ǦC4\3f̏ӬΚa6%|ҳ$(8>E(ȣѺ<ǔMԍaσ-X|JU&ql5ܜe2@i>go)A-I{J,j:guv Sd:'^꣟g5"Z qwj =ܝC+0TRN~GA<` &NpE;Q0(_Ev lL }A!3̨<\*N`dc  0Tj{}zu?V&pIc=K?-VK-" zƕ_HCyEuequ3؉<&_: ":fEFaEA 6A'F53VD٤eoADn61bbIFhH!܇Z?T{==wS=X=ёEw73輪ZVR^^phmKUNl<֒r4{Խ{VIVm^ aSd$M7B aS;; G=DtġOEcHb ‚DqZD%>ȹibY&l63[#vB* +GYc#IT'!g$*!Mȱ%"9X2'Tr$14HSMc'P# [ТLm_|l"$|c0͉k~jӜԑ&]|ф;pc?PԒcSf>hfL= ~!z B%h~,uۇ?msNd6Q_d}r|V$#0Yk@spM tCw&YK :i@=l-pwյk2+\P 0$MgL۝ObLl~},X/120'`.w`FfgKNJڣO%"Ŏxz 6OXc>E!?dC a\KE'L"Q&gzWB\dytzzQJfkh,$K2N1%Ih]Nw8ztM&_|tˤ]Ruk]Pύ xC+TpEXժY1AQL޴R( r51H6'F\G̪#2"rW"Ef ^^~^  )->'B?Y?a) EW$]XLg1p|W /ս*wk\huRdT r5g˜P$8?ZW/}&m5L KB$=8'I$_#Fol7(VbZ9{ۈt 8A')0[FNB}ba5TdĨ<T k-ʯì>˸? 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It is thus intended as one input)Tj T* -0.026 Tw (into the rich dialogue on fiscal arrange-)Tj T* 0.4141 Tw (ments called for in the 2006 federal)Tj 0 -13.3333 TD -0.0091 Tw [(budget. More specifically)74(, I argue that the)]TJ 0 -1.3333 TD 0.1215 Tw (federal government and Parliament and)Tj T* -0.014 Tc 0.4155 Tw (the provincial/territorial governments)Tj T* -0.0288 Tc 0.2724 Tw (must focus much more on the )Tj /F4 1 Tf 9 0 1.913 9 184.9738 516 Tm 0 Tw [(gr)7.7(ound)]TJ -14.9332 -1.3333 TD [(r)-9.8(ules )]TJ /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 69.6038 504 Tm 0.2408 Tw (under which such fiscal decisions)Tj -2.3978 -1.3333 TD 0.152 Tw (are made. 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Except for the 1995 fed-)Tj T* 0.0149 Tc 0.4153 Tw (eral budget, the intergovernmental)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1265 Tw (fiscal file has been handled on a pro-)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.3857 Tw (gram-by-program basis. Each adjust-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.2767 Tw (ment, down or up, has been a case)Tj T* 0.1085 Tw (unto itself and not necessarily consis-)Tj T* 0.086 Tw (tent in principle with those that have)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0287 Tw [(come before or after)73.8(. )]TJ 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0288 Tc 0.3123 Tw (This approach has had its advan-)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD 0.0618 Tw (tages, especially for Ottawa. It is flexible.)Tj T* -0.0214 Tw (It is pragmatic. It allows intergovernmen-)Tj T* 0.3783 Tw (tal business to be conducted without)Tj T* 0.1484 Tw (undue reference to the kind of symbol-)Tj T* -0.0138 Tw [(ism that can be politically divisive for the)]TJ T* 0.0468 Tw (federation. This approach also has short-)Tj T* 0.123 Tw (comings. It provides no overall sense of)Tj T* 0.052 Tw [(direction to the federation. It also makes)]TJ T* 0.2587 Tw [(it hard for provinces and territories to)]TJ T* 0.0221 Tw [(anticipate federal behaviour and plan for)]TJ T* 0.0287 Tw (their fiscal future. )Tj 21.6412 72 TD -0.0116 Tc 0.417 Tw (My argument here, therefore, is)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD 0.0418 Tw (that a better mix of principle and prag-)Tj T* 0.1392 Tw (matism could be achieved if this case-)Tj T* 0.3391 Tw (by-case approach was, in the future,)Tj T* 0.013 Tw (placed within an updated and political-)Tj 0 -13.3333 TD 0.3181 Tw (ly salient decision-making framework)Tj 0 -1.3333 TD 0.0384 Tw ( one that is more consistent with the)Tj T* 0.0023 Tc 0.4164 Tw (constitutional division of legislative)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc -0.0283 Tw (responsibilities. The present framework,)Tj T* 0.1065 Tw (to the extent that it exists, is provided)Tj T* 0.1293 Tw (by the Constitution and the 1999 FPT)Tj T* -0.0007 Tc 0.4194 Tw (Social Union Framework Agreement)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(\(SUF)23.8(A\), with the latter widely thought)]TJ T* -0.0123 Tw (to have had modest impacts, at best, on)Tj T* 0.0287 Tw [(intergovernmental behaviour)73.7(. )]TJ 26.121 0 0 26.121 224.1259 408 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (L)Tj 9 0 0 9 242.0447 420 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0059 Tc 0.2752 Tw [(et)54.8(s begin with two Conser)-12(vative)]TJ T* 0.0041 Tc 0.4203 Tw (election platform commitments.)Tj -1.9167 -1.3333 TD -0.0059 Tc 0.0513 Tw (First, on the matter of fiscal imbalance)Tj T* -0.0018 Tw [(the party declared that a Conser)-12(vative)]TJ T* 0.0171 Tc 0.7551 Tw (government will work with the)Tj T* -0.0059 Tc 0.1998 Tw (provinces in order to achieve a long-)Tj T* 0.1937 Tw (term agreement which would address)Tj T* 0.156 Tw (the issue of fiscal imbalance in a per-)Tj T* 0.4118 Tw (manent fashion. No specific dollar)Tj T* 0.2672 Tw [(amount, however)49.7(, was promised and)]TJ T* 0.1796 Tw (the 2006 federal budget was similarly)Tj T* 0.0171 Tc 0.7699 Tw (silent on numbers. Second, the)Tj T* -0.0059 Tc 0.1761 Tw [(Conser)-12.1(vatives committed to expand-)]TJ T* 0.1259 Tw (ing the economic and social union in)Tj T* 0.0136 Tw (Canada, and they set out a few details)Tj T* 0.1775 Tw (on such matters as the patient wait-)Tj T* 0.3954 Tw (time guarantee, child care, student)Tj T* 0.3876 Tw (support and seniors. These commit-)Tj T* 0.0173 Tw (ments were reaffirmed in the 2006 fed-)Tj T* -0.0088 Tw (eral budget, suggesting that federal and)Tj T* 0.1231 Tw (provincial governments may continue)Tj T* -0.0172 Tw (to work in partnership with one anoth-)Tj T* 0.0874 Tw (er in key areas of economic and social)Tj T* 0.0287 Tw [(policy under Mr)73.9(. Harper)54.8(s watch. )]TJ 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0278 Tc 0.4293 Tw (So where might the government)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD -0.0288 Tc -0.0086 Tw (begin? My suggestion is that Ottawa start)Tj T* 0.1411 Tw (by creating more certainty in respect of)Tj T* 0.0855 Tw (the roughly $40 billion in cash transfers)Tj T* -0.0263 Tw (that it now provides to provinces and ter-)Tj T* 0.0337 Tw (ritories. This is for two reasons. First, any)Tj 19.6438 72 TD 0.1509 Tw [(increases in fiscal resour)17.8(ces that Ottawa)]TJ 0 -1.3333 TD -0.0059 Tc 0.8661 Tw (now decides to provide to the)Tj T* -0.0143 Tc 0.4158 Tw (provinces/territories will be relatively)Tj T* -0.0288 Tc -0.0298 Tw (small in relation to current cash transfers.)Tj T* 0.2076 Tw [(Second, histor)-12(y has shown that during)]TJ 5.059 -1.3333 TD 0.1995 Tw (tough fiscal times, as in the)Tj T* 0.004 Tw (1980s and the first half of the)Tj T* -0.0135 Tc 0.415 Tw (1990s, the federal govern-)Tj T* -0.0288 Tc 0.1043 Tw (ment will reduce its planned)Tj T* -0.01 Tc 0.4115 Tw (level of intergovernmental)Tj T* -0.0288 Tc 0.3822 Tw (transfers to provinces, thus)Tj T* -0.0059 Tc 1.9843 Tw (complicating provincial)Tj T* -0.0288 Tc 0.3283 Tw (finances and affecting their)Tj T* 0.0287 Tw [(programs adversely)73.8(.)0( )]TJ -3.059 -1.3333 TD 0.1111 Tw [(T)71.8(o)0( create this greater certainty)74(, new)]TJ -2 -1.3333 TD 0.1407 Tw [(intergovernmental ground rules for fed-)]TJ T* 0.0042 Tw (eral cash transfers are needed. At present,)Tj T* 0.1597 Tw [(about 90 per)17.8(cent of the federal govern-)]TJ T* 0.3143 Tw [(ment)54.8(s)0( cash transfers to the provinces)]TJ T* 0.2152 Tw [(and territories are found in four major)]TJ T* -0.0059 Tc 1.8307 Tw (federal programs \(Equalization,)Tj T* 0.8194 Tw [(T)71.8(erritorial Formula Financing, the)]TJ T* -0.0288 Tc 0.0835 Tw [(Canada Health T)61.7(ransfer and the Canada)]TJ T* 0.0461 Tw [(Social T)61.7(ransfer\). Although there is a long)]TJ T* 0.0513 Tw [(tradition of the federal government con-)]TJ T* 0.308 Tw (sulting intensively with provinces and)Tj T* -0.0109 Tc 0.4124 Tw (territories before making changes to)Tj T* -0.0288 Tc -0.0298 Tw (major transfers, it is a legal fact of life that)Tj T* 0.0892 Tw (Parliament alone decides on the level of)Tj T* -0.0059 Tc 0.64 Tw (federal fiscal commitments to the)Tj T* -0.0288 Tc 0.2751 Tw (provinces and territories. The Supreme)Tj T* 0.0287 Tw (Court has confirmed this position.)Tj 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0059 Tc 0.0252 Tw (While this state of affairs is consis-)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD 0.0126 Tw [(tent with the W)75.9(estminster style of gov-)]TJ T* 0.273 Tw (ernment, it rests less easily with the)Tj T* 0.0091 Tw (concept of Canada as a federation with)Tj T* 0.1898 Tw (federal, provincial and territorial gov-)Tj T* 0.0921 Tw (ernments working at times in partner-)Tj T* -0.034 Tw (ship with one another based on mutual)Tj T* 0.0802 Tw [(respect as called for by SUF)23.9(A. It is also)]TJ T* 0.0379 Tw (somewhat at odds with the five princi-)Tj T* 0.1089 Tw (ples in the federal budget, particularly)Tj T* 0.0324 Tw (the commitment to predictable, long-)Tj T* 0.2288 Tw (term fiscal arrangements and effec-)Tj T* 0.1932 Tw (tive collaborative management of the)Tj T* 0 Tw (federation. )Tj 26.121 0 0 26.121 400.786 144 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn 0 Tc (O)Tj 9 0 0 9 424.9635 156 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0001 Tc 0.0312 Tw [(nce again, the Conser)-12.1(vative elec-)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0736 Tw (tion platform provides a starting)Tj -2.5972 -1.3333 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.2115 Tw [(point for the proposed ground rules.)]TJ T* 0.1269 Tw [(Along the lines provided for by SUF)23.8(A)]TJ T* 0.2061 Tw [(\(section 5\), the platform promises to)]TJ T* 0.0643 Tw (ensure that any new shared-cost pro-)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.093 Tw (grams in areas of provincial/territorial)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0878 Tw (responsibility have the consent of the)Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 48.024 741.74 515.952 13.752 re f BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 255.9561 745.49 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn 0.0287 Tw (Reforming the framework for intergovernmental fiscal relations)Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 37.162 567.624 408.958 94.5 re f BT 14 0 0 14 47.1622 648.9802 Tm 0.76863 0.070588 0.18431 scn (Although there is a long tradition of the federal government)Tj 0 -1.0714 TD (consulting intensively with provinces and territories before)Tj T* (making changes to major transfers, it is a legal fact of life that)Tj T* (Parliament alone decides on the level of federal fiscal)Tj T* (commitments to the provinces and territories. The Supreme)Tj T* (Court has confirmed this position.)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 4 0 obj<> endobj 5 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 6 0 obj<>stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n /GS2 gs BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 49.024 44.0971 Tm /Cs6 cs 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0001 Tc 0.0286 Tw (OPTIONS POLITIQUES)Tj /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 49.024 35.9668 Tm (SEPTEMBRE 2006)Tj /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 23.9737 44.0971 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (66)Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 48.024 741.74 515.952 13.752 re f /Cs6 CS 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 SCN 0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d -15.246 736.2 m 563.976 736.2 l S 36.318 802.997 m 36.318 -12.547 l S -15.246 61.488 m 564.167 61.488 l S BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 48.0534 720 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0002 Tc 0.102 Tw [(majority of provinces to proceed, and)]TJ 0 -1.3333 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.3724 Tw (that provinces should be given the)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.015 Tw [(right to opt out of the federal program)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.405 Tw (with compensation, so long as the)Tj T* 0.0228 Tc 0.4082 Tw (province offers a similar)Tj T* 1.3514 Tw (program with similar)Tj T* 0.0115 Tc 0.4187 Tw (accountability structures.)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1031 Tw [(While this could indeed be)]TJ T* 0.2092 Tw [(one of the ground rules \(I)]TJ T* 0.0067 Tc 0.4235 Tw (prefer a more substantial)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0212 Tw (hurdle than a simple major-)Tj T* 0.139 Tw (ity\), the more difficult and)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0524 Tw (important challenge is how)Tj T* 0.312 Tw (to ensure that the federal)Tj T* 0.0182 Tc 0.412 Tw (financial commitment in)Tj T* 0.0228 Tc 0.6405 Tw (existing or new jointly)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0721 Tw [(financed programs is main-)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0017 Tw (tained once an intergovern-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0287 Tw (mental deal has been struck. )Tj 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0059 Tc 0.0497 Tw [(Under SUF)23.8(A, Ottawa is committed)]TJ -2 -1.3333 TD 0.0437 Tw (to consulting with provincial and ter-)Tj T* 0.1784 Tw (ritorial governments at least one year)Tj T* -0.0049 Tc 0.4293 Tw (prior to renewal [sic] or significant)Tj T* 0.0165 Tc 0.4079 Tw (funding changes in existing social)Tj T* -0.0059 Tc -0.023 Tw (transfers to provinces/territories, unless)Tj T* -0.0076 Tw [(other)-12.1(wise agreed, and [to building] due)]TJ T* 0.1735 Tw (notice provisions into any new social)Tj T* 0.3107 Tw (transfers to provincial/territorial gov-)Tj T* 0.1249 Tw (ernments. This is a political commit-)Tj T* 0.0999 Tw [(ment not legally enfor)17.8(ceable. Thus,)]TJ T* 0.0519 Tw [(SUF)23.8(A provides only the lightest of fed-)]TJ T* 0.0287 Tw (eral commitments to provinces/territo-)Tj T* 0.263 Tw [(ries on funding predictability)74(. In my)]TJ T* 0.1816 Tw [(view)73.9(, this is symptomatic of a funda-)]TJ T* 0.1118 Tw (mental power imbalance between fed-)Tj T* -0.0023 Tc 0.4267 Tw (eral and provincial governments in)Tj T* -0.0059 Tc 0.0287 Tw (jointly financed programs.)Tj 26.121 0 0 26.121 47.9865 252 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (T)Tj 9 0 0 9 66.9284 264 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0116 Tc 0.019 Tw (o better understand this power dif-)Tj T* 0.0233 Tw [(ferential, let)54.8(s consider some of the)]TJ -2.0972 -1.3333 TD -0.0025 Tc 0.4212 Tw (characteristics of the federal/provin-)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.0747 Tw (cial/territorial fiscal partnerships in the)Tj T* -0.0201 Tw [(key areas of social ser)-12.2(vices, post-second-)]TJ T* 0.0931 Tw [(ar)-12.1(y education and health care ser)-12.2(vices.)]TJ T* 0.2507 Tw (First, the provincial/territorial govern-)Tj T* -0.0219 Tw (ments are generally expected to provide)Tj T* -0.0148 Tw [(ongoing benefits or ser)-12.2(vices to their res-)]TJ T* 0.3657 Tw (idents for the )Tj /F4 1 Tf 9 0 1.913 9 115.329 156 Tm 0 Tw (indefinite)Tj /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 156.8551 156 Tm 0.3657 Tw (future. They)Tj -12.0891 -1.3333 TD 0.1679 Tw (therefore need to plan and fund their)Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 1.0296 Tw [(ser)-12.1(vices on a long-term basis.)]TJ T* -0.0116 Tc 0.0816 Tw (\(Planning, building and making opera-)Tj T* -0.0173 Tw (tional a new hospital or university from)Tj T* 0.0545 Tw (scratch, for example, can easily take 10)Tj T* -0.0041 Tw (years.\) Second, the provincial/territorial)Tj T* 0.1295 Tw (order of government is responsible for)Tj 19.6394 72 TD 0.3098 Tw (coping in the event of unexpectedly)Tj 0 -1.3333 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.4293 Tw (high expenditures in these program)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.0067 Tw (areas \(think of health care or the effects)Tj T* 0.1567 Tw (of the recession of the early 1990s on)Tj 0 -21.3333 TD 0.0113 Tc 0.819 Tw [(Ontario)54.7(s social assistance costs\).)]TJ 0 -1.3333 TD -0.0116 Tc 0.0749 Tw [(Fiscally)73.8(, it is the more vulnerable order)]TJ T* 0.0287 Tw (of government.)Tj 2 -1.3333 TD 0.4302 Tw [(Now consider some of Ottawa)54.8(s)]TJ -2 -1.3333 TD 0.3613 Tw (responsibilities. First, the typical FPT)Tj T* -0.0035 Tc 0.4222 Tw (agreement of recent years generally)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc -0.0101 Tw (commits the federal government to five)Tj T* -0.0131 Tw (years of funding with the 10-year agree-)Tj T* -0.0025 Tc 0.4212 Tw (ment for health care an important)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.2777 Tw (exception. As just noted, the provin-)Tj T* 0.2266 Tw [(cial/territorial program obligations are)]TJ T* 0.0113 Tc 0.4879 Tw (much longer in duration. Second,)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.0932 Tw [(Ottawa)54.8(s commitments are specified in)]TJ T* -0.0028 Tw (fixed dollar terms rather than as a share)Tj T* 0.0549 Tw (of provincial/territorial outlays. Ottawa)Tj T* 0.0376 Tw (is thus not automatically committed to)Tj T* 0.1787 Tw (additional spending if provincial/terri-)Tj T* 0.1618 Tw (torial costs were to increase unexpect-)Tj T* 0.0056 Tw [(edly)73.9(. Moreover)49.6(, in the last several years,)]TJ T* 0.2853 Tw (the federal government has made its)Tj T* 0.0499 Tw (financial transfers to the provinces and)Tj T* 0.273 Tw (territories increasingly conditional. In)Tj T* 0.1947 Tw (short, in recent years the federal gov-)Tj T* 0.033 Tw (ernment has been sitting at the FPT )Tj /F4 1 Tf 9 0 1.913 9 375.1858 216 Tm 0 Tw (fis-)Tj -16.4252 -1.3333 TD (cal)Tj /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 241.1894 204 Tm 0.3245 Tw [(table as if it were a bondholder)49.5(,)]TJ -1.8202 -1.3333 TD 0.0056 Tw (assuming minimal financial risks in the)Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.5237 Tw [(joint FPT enterprise but behaving)]TJ T* -0.0116 Tc 0.1014 Tw (increasingly at the FPT )Tj /F4 1 Tf 9 0 1.913 9 323.8345 168 Tm 0 Tw (policy)Tj /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 349.207 168 Tm 0.1014 Tw (table like)Tj -13.8221 -1.3333 TD -0.0032 Tw [(an equity holder)49.6(, demanding a growing)]TJ T* 0.0287 Tw (say on policy content. )Tj 2 -1.3333 TD 0.2839 Tw (It can, of course, be argued that)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD 0.2449 Tw (most federal and provincial programs)Tj T* 0.1717 Tw (have no guarantee of long-term fund-)Tj T* 0.1855 Tw (ing from their own finance ministries)Tj T* 0.1395 Tw (and that the above concerns therefore)Tj T* 0.2307 Tw (have little merit. My response is that)Tj 19.6419 72 TD 0.0773 Tw (provincial health, education and social)Tj 0 -1.3333 TD 0.3113 Tw [(ser)-12.1(vices ministers have at least some)]TJ T* 0.221 Tw (recourse when their finance ministers)Tj T* 0.0017 Tw [(make resour)17.7(ce allocation decisions they)]TJ 0 -21.3333 TD 0.3163 Tw (disapprove of, in that they can take)Tj 0 -1.3333 TD 0.274 Tw (their protests to their premiers. They)Tj T* 0.3287 Tw [(lack this option, however)49.6(, when the)]TJ T* 0.0127 Tw (federal finance minister makes his deci-)Tj T* 0.0074 Tw (sions, and this lack of recourse needs to)Tj T* 0.0287 Tw [(be offset somehow)73.8(. )]TJ 26.121 0 0 26.121 401.5184 396 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (T)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.4602 408 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0001 Tc 0.2093 Tw [(o achieve greater fairness in FPT)]TJ T* 0.0228 Tc 0.8006 Tw (fiscal relations, three linked)Tj -2.0972 -1.3333 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.2455 Tw (changes in the structure of the rela-)Tj T* 0.0286 Tw (tionship are desirable:)Tj T* 0.3458 Tw [(1\))-1074.3(There should be more stringent)]TJ 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0141 Tw [(limits on the freedom of the feder-)]TJ T* 0.1218 Tw [(al government to reduce its fiscal)]TJ T* 0.0161 Tc 0.4141 Tw (commitments to the provinces)Tj T* 0.0228 Tc 0.7153 Tw (and territories without some)Tj T* 0.0096 Tc 0.4205 Tw (measure of provincial/territorial)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0287 Tw (and public engagement.)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD 0.3667 Tw [(2\))-1074.3(The risks of an uncertain fiscal)]TJ 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.2608 Tw [(future should be more equitably)]TJ T* 0.0228 Tc 0.9144 Tw (shared between federal and)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.1287 Tw (provincial/territorial governments)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0287 Tw [(in jointly financed programs. )]TJ -2 -1.3333 TD 0.1881 Tw [(3\))-1074.3(There should be a better balance)]TJ 2 -1.3333 TD 0.2829 Tw [(between the long-term program-)]TJ T* 0.0228 Tc 1.017 Tw (matic commitments of the)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(provinces and territories, often at)]TJ T* 0.0015 Tc 0.4287 Tw (the behest of Ottawa, and the)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.3799 Tw [(shorter-term fiscal commitments)]TJ T* 0.0286 Tw [(of the federal government.)]TJ 26.121 0 0 26.121 401.5184 108 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (T)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.4602 120 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0174 Tc 0.1825 Tw [(he most challenging of the above)]TJ T* 0.0755 Tw [(proposals is the first. The difficulty)]TJ -2.0972 -1.3333 TD 0.1382 Tw (here is that even if the federal govern-)Tj T* -0.0256 Tw (ment decides, at a point in time, to limit)Tj T* -0.0247 Tw (its freedom to reduce its negotiated level)Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 48.024 741.744 515.952 13.752 re f BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 49.024 745.494 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn -0.0001 Tc 0.0287 Tw [(Har)-12(vey Lazar)]TJ ET 1 1 1 scn 165.88 511.636 398.096 159.219 re f BT 14 0 0 14 175.88 655.3512 Tm 0.76863 0.070588 0.18431 scn -0.0058 Tc (It can, of course, be argued that most federal and provincial)Tj 0 -1.0714 TD (programs have no guarantee of long-term funding from their)Tj T* (own finance ministries and that the above concerns therefore)Tj T* (have little merit. My response is that provincial health,)Tj T* [(education and social ser)-12(vices ministers have at least some)]TJ T* -0.0059 Tc [(recourse when their finance ministers make resour)17.7(ce allocation)]TJ T* -0.0058 Tc (decisions they disapprove of, in that they can take their)Tj T* [(protests to their premiers. They lack this option, however)49.7(,)]TJ T* (when the federal finance minister makes his decisions, and this)Tj T* [(lack of recourse needs to be offset somehow)73.9(. )]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 7 0 obj<> endobj 8 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 9 0 obj<>stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n /Cs6 CS 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 SCN 0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 48.024 736.2 m 624.029 736.2 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 498.1631 44.0971 Tm /Cs6 cs 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0002 Tc 0.0287 Tw (POLICY OPTIONS)Tj /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 517.3659 35.9668 Tm -0.0001 Tc (SEPTEMBER 2006)Tj /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 579.4774 44.0971 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (67)Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 48.024 741.744 515.952 13.752 re f 48.127 61.488 m 625.101 61.488 l S 576.318 802.997 m 576.318 -12.547 l S BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 48.024 720 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0174 Tc 0.0609 Tw (of fiscal commitments as set out in FPT)Tj 0 -1.3333 TD 0.1442 Tw (agreements, there is no legal barrier to)Tj T* 0.2921 Tw [(that government subsequently chang-)]TJ T* 0.0916 Tw (ing its mind. Indeed, such a reversal in)Tj T* 0.1018 Tw (fiscal commitments may even be a pri-)Tj T* 0.0876 Tw (ority for a new government after a fed-)Tj T* 0.0287 Tw (eral election. )Tj 2 -1.3333 TD 0.0114 Tc 0.3042 Tw (During the 1992 Charlottetown)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD 0.0852 Tw (talks, primarily as a result of the fed-)Tj T* -0.0285 Tw (erally legislated ceiling on the Canada)Tj T* -0.0375 Tw (Assistance Plan, the idea emerged that)Tj T* 0.1084 Tw (the Constitution should be amended)Tj T* 0.017 Tc 0.4246 Tw (to create a new generic provision)Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.1252 Tw (under which the federal government)Tj T* 0.0483 Tw (and one or more provinces or territo-)Tj T* 0.329 Tw (ries could enter into an agreement)Tj T* 0.0831 Tw (that would be protected from legisla-)Tj T* 0.1053 Tw (tive action breaching that agreement)Tj T* 0.0787 Tw (by either order of government acting)Tj T* 0.3199 Tw (on its own. A protected agreement)Tj T* -0.0104 Tw [(would only come into for)17.8(ce, however)49.7(,)]TJ T* 0.2185 Tw (after Parliament and the legislatures)Tj T* -0.0255 Tw [(of the signator)-12.1(y provinces and territo-)]TJ T* 0.1921 Tw (ries had passed a law that approved)Tj T* 0.0343 Tc 0.6267 Tw (the agreement and included an)Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.2768 Tw (express declaration that the generic)Tj T* 0.2586 Tw (provision applied in respect of that)Tj T* 0.1337 Tw [(agreement. In effect, an intergovern-)]TJ T* 0.0613 Tw (mental agreement could be protected)Tj T* 0.0184 Tc 0.4232 Tw (against one-sided change)Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.2589 Tw (by one or another of the)Tj T* 0.34 Tw (signatories for up to five)Tj T* 0.3479 Tw (years and also be renew-)Tj T* 0.1977 Tw (able. This proposed provi-)Tj T* 0.0157 Tc 0.4259 Tw (sion fell by the wayside)Tj T* 0.0291 Tc 0.4126 Tw (when the Charlottetown)Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.0287 Tw (referendum failed. )Tj 2 -1.3333 TD 0.0228 Tc 0.4177 Tw (There is no political)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0272 Tw (will to resurrect this type of)Tj T* 0.0015 Tc 0.4287 Tw (constitutional amendment)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0852 Tw (at the moment, but even if)Tj T* 0.0211 Tc 0.4091 Tw (it existed, Ottawa might)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0369 Tw (understandably refuse to give its assent)Tj T* 0.0111 Tc 0.4191 Tw (to the constitutional protection of)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0116 Tw [(some FPT agreements for fear of losing)]TJ T* 0.0353 Tw [(its fiscal flexibility)73.9(. W)75.9(ere that the case,)]TJ T* 0.2816 Tw (provinces and territories might then)Tj T* 0.0215 Tc 0.4087 Tw (have reason to think twice about)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.2039 Tw [(accepting federal largesse and related)]TJ T* 0.0228 Tc 0.5501 Tw (program commitments. Thus, the)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.2798 Tw [(behaviour of both orders of govern-)]TJ T* 0.0228 Tc 0.6207 Tw [(ment might change significantly)73.9(,)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.2962 Tw (resulting in fewer intergovernmental)Tj T* 0.0228 Tc 0.5984 Tw (agreements based on the federal)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0287 Tw [(spending power)73.9(. )]TJ 26.121 0 0 26.121 224.5272 708 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (W)Tj 9 0 0 9 255.0447 720 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn 0.0286 Tc 0.4476 Tw (hile no such constitutional)Tj T* 0.0056 Tc 0.3554 Tw (amendment is in the offing,)Tj -3.3611 -1.3333 TD 0.0229 Tw (there are ways of implementing a par-)Tj T* 0.2037 Tw (tial proxy for one. Here is one idea.)Tj T* 0.3362 Tw (For existing major FPT fiscal agree-)Tj T* 0.1904 Tw (ments \(like that on health care, and)Tj T* 0.2091 Tw (important new ones\), in addition to)Tj T* 0.0439 Tw (respecting current funding conditions)Tj T* 0.2127 Tw [(under SUF)23.8(A, the federal government)]TJ T* 0.019 Tc 0.4169 Tw (could introduce generic legislation)Tj T* 0.0056 Tc 0.0603 Tw (that would commit Parliament to not)Tj T* 0.205 Tw (reducing its legislated fiscal commit-)Tj T* 0.0187 Tc 0.4172 Tw (ments to provinces and territories)Tj T* 0.0056 Tc 0.214 Tw (without first following a transparent)Tj T* 0.1882 Tw (process that would provide both the)Tj T* 0.0088 Tc 0.4271 Tw (provinces/territories and the public)Tj T* 0.0056 Tc 0.3747 Tw (ample opportunity to comment on)Tj T* 0.2486 Tw (the proposed reduction via a parlia-)Tj T* 0.0286 Tc 0.872 Tw [(mentar)-12.1(y committee process. Of)]TJ T* 0.022 Tc 0.4139 Tw (course, a new federal government)Tj T* 0.0056 Tc 0.2091 Tw (could renege by introducing amend-)Tj T* 0.3454 Tw (ing legislation that would do away)Tj T* 0.3675 Tw (with this generic commitment. But)Tj T* 0.0778 Tw (the political optics of doing so would)Tj T* 0.0436 Tw (be difficult and thus reduce the possi-)Tj T* 0.1259 Tw [(bility of arbitrar)-12.1(y fiscal action by the)]TJ T* 0.0285 Tc 0.5972 Tw [(federal government. Moreover)49.5(, it)]TJ T* 0.0056 Tc 0.1929 Tw (would take time for the federal gov-)Tj T* 0.1042 Tw (ernment to pass such an amendment)Tj 0 -18.6667 TD 0.0406 Tw (and this would provide an opportuni-)Tj 0 -1.3333 TD 0.0942 Tw (ty for public opinion to be mobilized)Tj T* 0.0856 Tw [(in the event that Ottawa)54.7(s action was)]TJ T* 0.0287 Tw (seen as unfair or unreasonable.)Tj 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0187 Tw (What might Ottawa get in return?)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0196 Tw [(It could require the provincial and ter-)]TJ T* 0.0745 Tw [(ritorial legislatures to enact legislation)]TJ T* 0.3427 Tw [(that would commit them to imple-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0948 Tw [(ment the negotiated program content)]TJ T* 0.0161 Tc 0.4141 Tw (\(like the principles of the )Tj /F4 1 Tf 9 0 1.913 9 355.5995 108 Tm 0 Tw (Canada)Tj -14.2505 -1.3333 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.3142 Tw (Health Act)Tj /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 269.4584 96 Tm -0.0001 Tc (\) and to not amend such)Tj -4.9626 -1.3333 TD 0.119 Tw (commitments without a process simi-)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.1527 Tw [(lar to the one outlined above for the)]TJ 19.6438 72 TD 0.0228 Tc 0.5838 Tw [(federal government. Politically)73.9(, it)]TJ 0 -1.3333 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.2446 Tw [(would not be simple for a signator)-12(y)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.2664 Tw [(government to back out of commit-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0415 Tw (ments unilaterally with such reciprocal)Tj T* 0.0286 Tw [(legislation in place. )]TJ 26.121 0 0 26.121 401.5217 636 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (T)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.4635 648 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0116 Tc 0.0618 Tw (he second proposed change has to)Tj T* 0.0984 Tw (do with finding a way to obtain a)Tj -2.0972 -1.3333 TD 0.0126 Tw (more equitable sharing of the risk of an)Tj T* 0.1363 Tw (uncertain cost future. One simple way)Tj T* 0.1935 Tw (of doing this is to return to the cost-)Tj T* -0.0023 Tc 0.421 Tw (sharing arrangements that prevailed)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.0488 Tw (from the 1950s to the late 1970s under)Tj T* -0.0167 Tw (which the federal government paid half)Tj T* -0.0211 Tw (of the eligible expenses of the provinces)Tj T* 0.2551 Tw (in major shared-cost programs. These)Tj T* 0.0185 Tw (arrangements were intended to encour-)Tj T* 0.2364 Tw (age provinces to build new operating)Tj T* -0.0291 Tw (capacity in the key areas of hospital and)Tj T* 0.0034 Tw [(diagnostic ser)-12.1(vices, physicians ser)-12.2(vices,)]TJ T* 0.4238 Tw [(post-secondar)-12.1(y education, and social)]TJ T* 0.0758 Tw [(assistance and ser)-12.2(vices. Cost sharing of)]TJ T* 0.0113 Tc 0.6335 Tw (major programs was subsequently)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc -0.0395 Tw (phased out for three main reasons. First,)Tj T* 0.0145 Tw (it had succeeded in its purpose and was)Tj T* 0.1056 Tw [(no longer necessar)-12.2(y)73.9(.)0( Second, the avail-)]TJ T* 0.1304 Tw (ability of 50-cent dollars created a dis-)Tj T* 0.0114 Tw (incentive for provinces to manage their)Tj T* 0.2245 Tw [(expenditures tightly)73.8(. The 50-cent dol-)]TJ 0 -18.6667 TD 0.1265 Tw [(lars tended also to distort the resour)17.5(ce)]TJ 0 -1.3333 TD 0.0025 Tc 0.4162 Tw [(allocation process within provincial)]TJ T* -0.0116 Tc 0.0216 Tw (governments. In the event, three major)Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.4678 Tw (cost-sharing programs, for hospital)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.2938 Tw (insurance, medical care and post-sec-)Tj T* 0.2131 Tw [(ondar)-12.1(y education, were replaced by a)]TJ T* 0.3083 Tw (single block grant in 1977, and cost)Tj T* 0.2427 Tw (sharing for social assistance was inte-)Tj T* 0.2334 Tw (grated into that block grant after the)Tj T* 0.0287 Tw (1995 federal budget. )Tj 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0231 Tc 0.2883 Tw (Returning to cost-sharing arrange-)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD -0.0019 Tw (ments today would undoubtedly help to)Tj T* 0.0902 Tw (achieve a more equitable sharing of the)Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 48.024 741.74 515.952 13.752 re f BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 255.9561 745.49 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn -0.0001 Tc 0.0287 Tw (Reforming the framework for intergovernmental fiscal relations)Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 165.88 234 398.096 137.543 re f BT 14 0 0 14 175.88 359.3777 Tm 0.76863 0.070588 0.18431 scn (What might Ottawa get in return? It could require the)Tj 0 -1.0714 TD (provincial and territorial legislatures to enact legislation that)Tj T* (would commit them to implement the negotiated program)Tj T* (content \(like the principles of the )Tj 14 0 2.9758 14 387.0593 314.3777 Tm -0.0164 Tc 0.0278 Tw (Canada Health Act)Tj 14 0 0 14 499.7314 314.3777 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0287 Tw (\) and to)Tj -23.1322 -1.0714 TD (not amend such commitments without a process similar to)Tj T* [(the one outlined above for the federal government. Politically)73.8(,)]TJ T* [(it would not be simple for a signator)-12.1(y government to back)]TJ T* (out of commitments unilaterally with such reciprocal)Tj T* (legislation in place. )Tj ET Q endstream endobj 10 0 obj<> endobj 11 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 12 0 obj<>stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n /GS2 gs BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 49.024 44.0971 Tm /Cs6 cs 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0001 Tc 0.0286 Tw (OPTIONS POLITIQUES)Tj /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 49.024 35.9668 Tm (SEPTEMBRE 2006)Tj /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 23.9737 44.0971 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (68)Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 48.024 741.74 515.952 13.752 re f /Cs6 CS 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 SCN 0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d -15.246 736.2 m 563.976 736.2 l -15.246 61.488 m 564.167 61.488 l S BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 48.0534 720 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0231 Tc -0.0062 Tw [(risk of uncertain future costs. However)49.6(, a)]TJ 0 -1.3333 TD 0.2944 Tw (50-50 arrangement in the health care)Tj T* -0.026 Tw (and social spheres would be unfair to the)Tj T* -0.0367 Tw (federal government in light of past trans-)Tj T* -0.0043 Tw (fers of tax room to provinces to help pay)Tj T* 0.0287 Tw (for these programs.)Tj 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0907 Tw (A 75-25 cost-sharing arrangement)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.1533 Tw [(would be more suitable, for example,)]TJ T* 0.173 Tw [(in health care. It would also create a)]TJ 0 -13.3333 TD 0.0074 Tc 0.4228 Tw (stronger incentive for provinces to)Tj 0 -1.3333 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0539 Tw (manage expenditures tightly than was)Tj T* 0.1258 Tw (the case when they were only paying)Tj T* 0.1636 Tw [(half. Any distortion of the provincial)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.2608 Tw [(resour)17.6(ce allocation process would be)]TJ T* 0.3579 Tw [(similarly reduced. T)71.6(o)0( further reduce)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0783 Tw (incentive concerns, implicit cost shar-)Tj T* 0.299 Tw (ing could be substituted for explicit)Tj T* 0.148 Tw (cost sharing, with the federal sharing)Tj T* 0.0228 Tc 0.7783 Tw (arrangements linked to national)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0479 Tw (trends rather than the actual expenses)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0055 Tw [(of any individual province or territor)-12.1(y)73.9(.)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1142 Tw (For instance, if health care costs were)Tj T* 0.2488 Tw (expected to escalate for another five)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0723 Tw [(years at a rate equal to gross domestic)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0055 Tw [(product plus 1 per)17.7(cent, then the feder-)]TJ T* 0.4073 Tw [(al transfers could be linked to the)]TJ T* 0.0401 Tw [(GDP-plus-1 formula. Alternatively)73.9(,)0( the)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.1353 Tw (formula itself could be a rolling aver-)Tj T* 0.0228 Tc 0.9566 Tw (age of actual expenditures by)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.1952 Tw [(provinces/territories over)49.6(, say)73.8(, a four-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.2518 Tw [(year period. In both alternatives, no)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0387 Tw [(one province or territor)-12.2(y would receive)]TJ T* 0.1341 Tw (much additional money from Ottawa)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.3868 Tw (by increasing its expenditures since)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0355 Tw [(the formula would be linked to nation-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.3697 Tw (al trends, not those in the specific)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.2868 Tw [(province/territor)-12.1(y)73.9(.)-0.1( Such an approach)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1841 Tw (avoids some of the adverse effects of)Tj T* 0.2012 Tw (explicit cost sharing while creating a)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0071 Tw (fairer distribution of risk among orders)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0287 Tw (of government. )Tj 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0116 Tc 0.1684 Tw [(As for the Canada Social T)61.6(ransfer)49.7(,)]TJ -2 -1.3333 TD -0.0012 Tc 0.4199 Tw (determining an appropriate implicit)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.0399 Tw (cost-sharing ratio for it is inappropriate)Tj T* 0.1226 Tw (until Ottawa and the provinces decide)Tj T* 0.1522 Tw (if there are to be new program condi-)Tj 19.6394 72 TD 0.1152 Tw [(tions attached to this transfer)73.7(. At pres-)]TJ 0 -1.3333 TD 0.1381 Tw (ent, it is unclear what provincial/terri-)Tj T* 0.0287 Tw (torial costs are being shared.)Tj 26.121 0 0 26.121 224.7411 660 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (T)Tj 9 0 0 9 243.6829 672 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.012 Tc 0.4135 Tw [(he third proposed change is to)]TJ T* -0.0288 Tc -0.0343 Tw (achieve a better balance between the)Tj -2.0972 -1.3333 TD 0.3445 Tw [(long-term programmatic commitments)]TJ T* 0.1069 Tw (of the provinces and territories, often at)Tj T* 0.2232 Tw (the behest of Ottawa, and the shorter-)Tj 0 -13.3333 TD 0.1957 Tw [(term fiscal commitments of the federal)]TJ 0 -1.3333 TD -0.0043 Tw (government. The easiest way to do this is)Tj T* -0.041 Tw [(to put no time limit on federal fiscal com-)]TJ T* -0.0354 Tw (mitments. If the second proposed change)Tj T* 0.0172 Tw (is implemented, then the federal govern-)Tj T* -0.0282 Tc 0.4297 Tw [(ment)54.9(s planned cash transfers to the)]TJ T* -0.0288 Tc 0.0691 Tw [(provinces will be based on a fixed dollar)]TJ T* 0.052 Tw (amount in a base year that would subse-)Tj T* -0.0081 Tw (quently escalate annually at a rate set out)Tj T* -0.0205 Tw (by a formula that would itself adjust with)Tj T* -0.038 Tw (changing conditions. The effect would be)Tj T* 0.0763 Tw [(to create a long-term fiscal commitment)]TJ T* 0.2588 Tw (by the federal government that would)Tj T* 0.006 Tw (match the provincial/territorial program-)Tj T* -0.015 Tw [(matic commitment. This long-term com-)]TJ T* 0.1164 Tw [(mitment should, however)49.8(, be subject to)]TJ T* 0.1546 Tw [(periodic intergovernmental review)74(, as is)]TJ T* 0.0287 Tw (the case now for Equalization.)Tj 26.121 0 0 26.121 224.7411 264 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw (T)Tj 9 0 0 9 243.6829 276 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0116 Tc 0.1761 Tw (here are substantive objections to)Tj T* 0.0567 Tw (each of these proposals and I have)Tj -2.0972 -1.3333 TD 0.4144 Tw (little doubt that these will be mar-)Tj T* 0.18 Tw [(shalled for)17.7(cefully by those who prefer)]TJ T* 0.0583 Tw (the all-too-often unilateral approach to)Tj T* 0.194 Tw (intergovernmental fiscal relations that)Tj T* 0.138 Tw (characterized the Chrtien and Martin)Tj T* -0.0396 Tw (administrations. During these years, the)Tj T* 0.1818 Tw (federal government initially cut trans-)Tj T* -0.0288 Tw (fers sharply and subsequently reinvest-)Tj T* 0.2132 Tw (ed, both indirectly via the provinces)Tj T* -0.0133 Tw [(and directly)73.8(,)0( with provinces and territo-)]TJ T* 0.0113 Tc 0.4265 Tw (ries only able to influence federal)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.0287 Tw (behaviour in many files at the margin. )Tj 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0231 Tc 0.2372 Tw (The point of my argument is not)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD 0.2678 Tw (that the federal government has been)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.5789 Tw (the bad guy and the provinces)Tj T* -0.0231 Tc 0.3222 Tw (paragons of virtue. The Chrtien and)Tj 19.6419 72 TD -0.0134 Tw (Martin governments were right in crit-)Tj 0 -1.3333 TD 0.2735 Tw (icizing the provinces for cutting taxes)Tj T* 0.1313 Tw (even while they were claiming revenue)Tj T* 0.2215 Tw [(shortages. Indeed, there is a ver)-12.1(y long)]TJ T* 0.3741 Tw [(histor)-12.1(y of provinces choosing not to)]TJ T* 0.021 Tw [(exer)17.7(cise their taxing powers and looking)]TJ T* -0.0416 Tw [(instead to Ottawa for fiscal resour)17.6(ces. It is)]TJ T* 0.0288 Tw (also true, as the previous Liberal govern-)Tj T* 0.3681 Tw (ments asserted, that the Constitution)Tj 5.0594 -1.3333 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.9135 Tw (provides provinces with)Tj T* -0.0231 Tc 0.2106 Tw [(broad taxing authority)73.8(, that)]TJ T* 0.0199 Tw (Ottawa has more debt to pay)Tj T* 0.4187 Tw (down than provinces, and)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.5196 Tw (that provinces/municipali-)Tj T* -0.0231 Tc -0.0013 Tw (ties already have more own-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.4182 Tw [(sour)17.7(ce revenue than the)]TJ T* 0.7621 Tw (federal government. The)Tj T* -0.0231 Tc 0.2632 Tw (arguments presented above,)Tj -5.0594 -1.3333 TD 0.0544 Tw (therefore, are not intended to lay blame)Tj T* -0.0091 Tw (for past actions, but rather to modify the)Tj T* -0.021 Tc 0.4282 Tw (conduct of intergovernmental behav-)Tj T* -0.0231 Tc 0.0213 Tw [(iour going for)-12.1(ward. If my proposals here)]TJ T* 0.038 Tw (were adopted, there might well be fewer)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.9394 Tw (intergovernmental agreements but)Tj T* -0.0231 Tc -0.0415 Tw (stronger federal and provincial/territorial)Tj T* 0.0164 Tw (commitments to those that were negoti-)Tj T* 0.0355 Tw (ated. Such an outcome would be consis-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.4707 Tw [(tent with the federal government)54.8(s)]TJ T* -0.0231 Tc 0.3946 Tw (principle of enhanced accountability)Tj T* 0.0419 Tw (through clarity of roles and responsibili-)Tj T* 0.1026 Tw (ties. It would also make the federation)Tj T* 0 Tw [(stronger)73.8(.)]TJ 26.121 0 0 26.121 401.5184 312 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn 0 Tc (T)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.4602 324 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0116 Tc 0.1578 Tw (his brings us to the other ground)Tj T* -0.0029 Tc 0.4216 Tw [(rules of intergovernmental rela-)]TJ -2.0972 -1.3333 TD -0.0116 Tc 0.2323 Tw (tions. Most of the headings for these)Tj T* -0.0234 Tw [(rules can be found in the existing SUF)23.6(A:)]TJ T* 0.1511 Tw (public accountability and transparen-)Tj T* -0.0412 Tw [(cy)73.9(, joint planning and collaboration,)]TJ T* 0.3992 Tw (reciprocal notice and consultation,)Tj T* 0.3612 Tw (decision rules on new Canada-wide)Tj T* -0.0041 Tc 0.4228 Tw (initiatives supported by transfers to)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.0015 Tw (provinces and territories, direct feder-)Tj T* 0.3253 Tw (al spending and dispute avoidance)Tj T* 0.1156 Tw (and resolution. On all of these items,)Tj T* 0.1812 Tw [(SUF)23.8(A is a good starting point but the)]TJ T* 0.031 Tw (Harper government will want to put its)Tj T* 0.0331 Tw (own imprimatur on them based on the)Tj T* 0.392 Tw (five principles set out in its budget)Tj T* 0.2492 Tw [(paper)73.8(. In that case, I would expect a)]TJ T* 0.0113 Tc 1.4896 Tw (larger role for federal and)Tj T* 0.7018 Tw (provincial/territorial legislatures in)Tj T* 0.6656 Tw (scrutinizing the intergovernmental)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.0789 Tw (process, making it both more transpar-)Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.6305 Tw (ent and more accountable. More)Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 48.024 741.744 515.952 13.752 re f BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 49.024 745.494 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn -0.0001 Tc 0.0287 Tw [(Har)-12(vey Lazar)]TJ ET 1 1 1 scn 37.152 521.039 408.968 92.63 re f BT 14 0 0 14 47.152 601.4598 Tm 0.76863 0.070588 0.18431 scn (Returning to cost-sharing arrangements today would)Tj 0 -1.0714 TD (undoubtedly help to achieve a more equitable sharing of the)Tj T* [(risk of uncertain future costs. However)49.7(, a 50-50 arrangement)]TJ T* (in the health care and social spheres would be unfair to the)Tj T* (federal government in light of past transfers of tax room to)Tj T* (provinces to help pay for these programs.)Tj ET 36.318 802.997 m 36.318 -12.547 l S Q endstream endobj 13 0 obj<> endobj 14 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 15 0 obj<>stream 1 g /GS1 gs 0 792 m 0 792 l f q 1 i 0 792 612 -792 re W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n /Cs6 CS 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 SCN 0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d /GS2 gs 48.024 736.2 m 624.029 736.2 l S BT /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 498.1631 44.0971 Tm /Cs6 cs 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0002 Tc 0.0287 Tw (POLICY OPTIONS)Tj /F2 1 Tf 6 0 0 6 517.3659 35.9668 Tm -0.0001 Tc (SEPTEMBER 2006)Tj /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 579.4774 44.0971 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (69)Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 48.024 741.744 515.952 13.752 re f 48.127 61.488 m 625.101 61.488 l S 576.318 802.997 m 576.318 -12.547 l S BT /F3 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 48.024 720 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0116 Tc 0.3471 Tw [(generally)73.8(, I would anticipate a more)]TJ 0 -1.3333 TD 0.0113 Tc 0.4749 Tw (province-friendly approach without)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.0188 Tw [(weakening Ottawa unduly)73.8(. V)54.8(e)0.2(r)-12.1(y)0.1( impor-)]TJ T* 0.3975 Tw [(tantly)73.8(, to give this framework more)]TJ T* 0.0363 Tw [(political impact than the existing SUF)23.7(A)]TJ T* 0.0435 Tw (now has, federal and provincial/territo-)Tj T* 0.1948 Tw (rial legislatures should pass legislation)Tj T* 0.1291 Tw (requiring governments to work within)Tj T* 0.377 Tw (that renegotiated framework. Such a)Tj T* 0.004 Tw (framework is consistent with the gover-)Tj T* 0.0093 Tw (nance proposals of both the provincial/)Tj T* 0.2705 Tw [(territorial and federal advisor)-12.3(y panels)]TJ T* -0.0089 Tw [(that reported earlier this year)49.5(, especially)]TJ T* 0.0287 Tw [(those related to transparency)73.7(. )]TJ 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.286 Tw [(Although the 2006 Conser)-12(vative)]TJ -2 -1.3333 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.3663 Tw (Party platform called for a perma-)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.2235 Tw (nent solution to the issue of)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.3272 Tw [(vertical fiscal imbalance, it is)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0169 Tw (unrealistic to expect all govern-)Tj T* 0.248 Tw [(ments to agree on some divi-)]TJ T* -0.0076 Tw (sion of the fiscal pie for all time)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.1134 Tw (or even a decade. The political)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.3147 Tw (incentive structure that influ-)Tj T* 0.0817 Tw (ences the behaviour of govern-)Tj T* 0.0185 Tc 0.4117 Tw (ments simply precludes this)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0831 Tw [(possibility)73.9(. What is practicable,)]TJ T* -0.0204 Tw [(however)49.7(, is the creation of rules)]TJ T* -0.0153 Tw (of engagement between the dif-)Tj T* 0.0145 Tc 0.4157 Tw (ferent orders of government)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.3332 Tw [(that are fair and transparent.)]TJ T* 0.0228 Tc 0.5584 Tw (This in itself would much)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1157 Tw (improve the prospects of more)Tj T* 0.1941 Tw (stable intergovernmental fiscal)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (arrangements.)Tj 26.121 0 0 26.121 47.3552 288 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn 0 Tc (I)Tj 9 0 0 9 59.399 300 Tm 0.13725 0.12157 0.12549 scn -0.0056 Tc 0.43 Tw [(acknowledge that intergov-)]TJ T* -0.0059 Tc 0.2345 Tw (ernmental relations are cur-)Tj -1.2639 -1.3333 TD 0.0171 Tc 1.1772 Tw (rently more focused on)Tj T* -0.0059 Tc 0.2014 Tw (individual policy files than on)Tj T* 0.3166 Tw (the broader governance issues)Tj T* 0.356 Tw (raised here. The Harper government)Tj T* 0.0145 Tw (has already acted on the child care file.)Tj T* 0.1413 Tw (The future of Equalization is the next)Tj T* 0.3587 Tw (big issue, with Ottawa intending to)Tj T* 0.2571 Tw [(come for)-12.1(ward with its proposals this)]TJ T* 0.1707 Tw (autumn. The federal government also)Tj T* 0.1767 Tw (promised in its 2006 budget paper to)Tj T* 0.3702 Tw [(bring for)-12.1(ward key proposals for a)]TJ T* 0.2439 Tw (new approach to long-term funding)Tj T* 0.2796 Tw [(support for post-secondar)-12(y education)]TJ T* 0.2122 Tw (and training and a new framework)Tj T* 0.0171 Tc 0.4426 Tw [(for long-term funding support for)]TJ T* 0.7744 Tw (infrastructure this autumn. The)Tj T* -0.0059 Tc -0.0166 Tw (patient wait-time guarantee will almost)Tj T* 0.0287 Tw (certainly require ongoing discussion. )Tj 21.6412 72 TD 0.1573 Tw (But, in addition to the file-by-file)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD 0.3891 Tw (approach, Ottawa has also signalled)Tj T* 0.3212 Tw (interest in framework or governance)Tj T* -0.0039 Tc 0.4283 Tw [(issues. Specifically)73.8(, the 2006 federal)]TJ T* -0.0059 Tc -0.0006 Tw (budget undertook that the Minister of)Tj T* -0.0315 Tw (Intergovernmental Affairs will seek per-)Tj T* 0.2325 Tw [(spectives on the Government)54.9(s)0( broad)]TJ T* 0.0602 Tw (approach to the fiscal imbalance issue,)Tj T* 0.3365 Tw (including the merits of limiting the)Tj T* 0.0169 Tc 0.4075 Tw [(federal spending power in specific)]TJ T* -0.0059 Tc -0.0394 Tw [(areas, and on ways to build a new)74(, open)]TJ T* 0.0171 Tc 0.5999 Tw (relationship among governments.)Tj T* -0.0059 Tc 0.0029 Tw (This article offers one such perspective.)Tj T* 0.1308 Tw (The proposals here are also consistent)Tj T* -0.0094 Tw [(with the Harper government)54.9(s commit-)]TJ T* 0.0858 Tw (ments to predictable, long-term fiscal)Tj 0 -33.3333 TD 0.2167 Tw (arrangements and effective collabo-)Tj 0 -1.3333 TD 0.0861 Tw (rative management of the federation,)Tj T* 0.1823 Tw (as well as the accountability commit-)Tj T* 0.0287 Tw (ment cited above. )Tj 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0116 Tc 0.2417 Tw (The overriding question that this)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD 0.1608 Tw (article raises, therefore, is whether the)Tj T* 0.0534 Tw (traditional ad hoc, file-by-file approach)Tj T* 0.4265 Tw (should be allowed to dominate the)Tj T* 0.3964 Tw (intergovernmental diplomacy leading)Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.4408 Tw (up to the 2007 federal budget or)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc -0.0113 Tw (whether the issues of governance ought)Tj T* 0.0342 Tw [(also to be afforded substantial room on)]TJ T* 0.3995 Tw (the federal-provincial agenda. As we)Tj T* 0.0868 Tw (head into the fall of 2006, most of the)Tj T* 0.158 Tw (FPT momentum appears linked to the)Tj 19.6438 72 TD 0.0634 Tw (file-by-file approach. Although the fed-)Tj 0 -1.3333 TD 0.2213 Tw (eration would benefit in the medium)Tj T* 0.0228 Tw [(term and beyond from a fairer structur-)]TJ T* -0.0399 Tw (al framework for fiscal decision-making,)Tj T* 0.1345 Tw [(histor)-12.1(y suggests that the provinces are)]TJ T* 0.144 Tw (likely to be more interested in achiev-)Tj T* 0.004 Tc 0.4147 Tw (ing short-term fiscal gains than in)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.191 Tw (focusing on governance issues. Unless)Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.4184 Tw [(Stephen Harper and his colleagues)]TJ T* -0.0116 Tc 0.0291 Tw (make a special effort to raise the profile)Tj T* -0.0064 Tc 0.4251 Tw (of governance issues, reforming the)Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.9582 Tw (intergovernmental decision-making)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.1007 Tw (framework will almost certainly be left)Tj T* 0.0939 Tw (behind in the coming months. In that)Tj T* -0.0083 Tc 0.427 Tw (event, the 2007 federal budget will)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc -0.0023 Tw (probably lead to new legislation on two)Tj 3.3853 -1.3333 TD 0.0453 Tw (of the three largest federal fiscal)Tj T* 0.1945 Tw (transfer programs, Equalization)Tj T* 0.1453 Tw [(and the Canada Social T)61.6(ransfer)]TJ T* 0.3827 Tw (\(or its replacement\), and any)Tj T* 0.0031 Tw (subsequent action on the gover-)Tj T* 0.2462 Tw (nance issue will have substan-)Tj T* 0.255 Tw (tially diminished relevance for)Tj T* 0.0044 Tc 0.4143 Tw (the power imbalance among)Tj T* -0.0116 Tc 0.0287 Tw (orders of government.)Tj 2 -1.3333 TD -0.0231 Tc 0.0344 Tw (One solution is to blend the)Tj -2 -1.3333 TD -0.0002 Tc 1.1362 Tw (case-by-case and structural)Tj T* -0.0231 Tc 0.0764 Tw (approaches introducing some)Tj T* 0.1394 Tw (of the structural dimensions via)Tj T* -0.0077 Tw (the individual case files and then)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.5024 Tw [(generalizing them over time)]TJ T* -0.0231 Tc 0.1568 Tw (through a new decision-making)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 1.1426 Tw (framework agreement that)Tj T* -0.0231 Tc 0.0982 Tw (secures legislative approval from)Tj T* 0.1209 Tw (all orders of government. If this)Tj T* 0.2172 Tw (view does not prevail, then we)Tj T* 0.0095 Tw (are probably back to business as)Tj T* 0.1564 Tw (usual in intergovernmental fis-)Tj T* 0.2876 Tw (cal relations. Whether business)Tj T* 0.3352 Tw (as usual is the right approach)Tj -3.3853 -1.3333 TD 0.0793 Tw (depends on whether the reader sees the)Tj T* -0.0138 Tw (conduct of intergovernmental fiscal rela-)Tj T* 0.3587 Tw [(tions over the last quarter-centur)-12.1(y as)]TJ T* 0.1991 Tw (healthy or dysfunctional. The underly-)Tj T* 0.0197 Tw (ing assumption here is that the dysfunc-)Tj T* -0.021 Tw (tional label is closer to the truth and that)Tj T* 0.1661 Tw (structural change is needed to secure a)Tj T* 0.0405 Tw [(fairer)49.7(, more transparent and more stable)]TJ T* 0.0287 Tw (fiscal equilibrium in the federation. )Tj /F4 1 Tf 0 -2.6667 TD -0.0117 Tc [(Har)-12.2(vey Lazar)49.6(, for)-10(mer dir)7.6(ector of the)]TJ 0 -1.3333 TD [(Institute of Intergover)-10(nmental Relations at)]TJ T* [(Queen)54.8(s University)73.8(, is senior r)7.6(e)0(sear)17.7(ch asso-)]TJ T* [(ciate in the Centr)7.6(e for Global Studies at)]TJ T* [(the University of V)19.6(ictoria. hlazar@uvic.ca)]TJ ET 1 1 1 scn 48.024 741.74 515.952 13.752 re f BT /F2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 255.9561 745.49 Tm 0.29804 0.36078 0.51373 scn -0.0001 Tc (Reforming the framework for intergovernmental fiscal relations)Tj ET 1 1 1 scn 181.63 256.269 249.426 272.831 re f BT 14 0 0 14 208.6872 516.7903 Tm 0.76863 0.070588 0.18431 scn -0.0173 Tc [(Although the 2006 Conser)-12.1(vative)]TJ 1.4228 -1.0714 TD (Party platform called for a)Tj -2.2829 -1.0714 TD (permanent solution to the issue of)Tj 1.8105 -1.0714 TD (vertical fiscal imbalance, it is)Tj -1.8488 -1.0714 TD (unrealistic to expect all governments)Tj -0.2474 -1.0714 TD (to agree on some division of the fiscal)Tj 0.1042 -1.0714 TD (pie for all time or even a decade. The)Tj 1.2769 -1.0714 TD (political incentive structure that)Tj 0.9364 -1.0714 TD (influences the behaviour of)Tj -1.6224 -1.0714 TD (governments simply precludes this)Tj 0.9049 -1.0714 TD [(possibility)73.9(.)0( What is practicable,)]TJ -0.8522 -1.0714 TD [(however)49.7(, is the creation of rules of)]TJ -0.1315 -1.0714 TD (engagement between the different)Tj 0.2158 -1.0714 TD (orders of government that are fair)Tj -0.3768 -1.0714 TD (and transparent. This in itself would)Tj -0.3539 -1.0714 TD (much improve the prospects of more)Tj 1.5105 -1.0714 TD (stable intergovernmental fiscal)Tj 3.4178 -1.0714 TD 0 Tw (arrangements.)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 16 0 obj<> endobj 17 0 obj<> endobj 18 0 obj<> endobj 19 0 obj<>stream %%DocumentProcessColors: Cyan Magenta Yellow Black %%EndComments %%DocumentProcessColors: Cyan Magenta Yellow Black %%EndComments September 2006 endstream endobj 20 0 obj<> endobj xref 0 21 0000000000 65535 f 0000107147 00000 n 0000107273 00000 n 0000107422 00000 n 0000118219 00000 n 0000118345 00000 n 0000118494 00000 n 0000128892 00000 n 0000129018 00000 n 0000129167 00000 n 0000139490 00000 n 0000139619 00000 n 0000139759 00000 n 0000150426 00000 n 0000150555 00000 n 0000150705 00000 n 0000161103 00000 n 0000161138 00000 n 0000161168 00000 n 0000161252 00000 n 0000164919 00000 n trailer <> startxref 116 %%EOF