%PDF-1.6 %âãÏÓ 1 0 obj<> endobj 2 0 obj<> endobj 3 0 obj<> endobj 5 0 obj<> endobj 7 0 obj<> endobj 8 0 obj<>>> endobj 9 0 obj<> endobj 10 0 obj<>]/P 9 0 R/S/Article/T()/Pg 11 0 R>> endobj 11 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Type/Page>> endobj 12 0 obj<> endobj 13 0 obj[10 0 R] endobj 14 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Type/Page>> endobj 15 0 obj<>/A<>/Border[0 0 0]>> endobj 16 0 obj[15 0 R 18 0 R] endobj 17 0 obj[10 0 R] endobj 18 0 obj<>/A<>/Border[0 0 0]>> endobj 19 0 obj<> endobj 20 0 obj<> endobj 21 0 obj<> endobj 22 0 obj<> endobj 23 0 obj<>stream /Artifact <>BDC 0 0 0 rg 0 i BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 18 780.17 Tm (Wahl-Ammann: Climatic Change 2005)Tj ET EMC /Article <>BDC q 0 18 612 756 re W* n BT /T1_1 1 Tf 19.3846 0 0 19.3846 66.9102 730.0149 Tm (ROBUSTNESS OF THE MANN, BRADLEY, HUGHES )Tj -0.36 -1.2 Td (RECONSTRUCTION OF SURFACE TEMPERATURES: )Tj -2.167 -1.2 Td (EXAMINATION OF CRITICISMS BASED ON THE NATURE AND )Tj 3.749 -1.2 Td (PROCESSING OF PROXY CLIMATE EVIDENCE)Tj /T1_2 1 Tf 14 0 0 14 149.907 621.4703 Tm (EUGENE R. WAHL)Tj 11.2 0 0 11.2 273.975 625.0543 Tm (1)Tj 14 0 0 14 279.575 621.4703 Tm ( and CASPAR M. AMMANN)Tj 11.2 0 0 11.2 456.493 625.0543 Tm (2)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14 0 0 14 462.093 621.4703 Tm ( )Tj 11.2 0 0 11.2 65.201 587.7952 Tm (1)Tj 14 0 0 14 70.801 584.2112 Tm (Environmental Studies and Geology Division, Alfred University, Alfred, N\ ew York, U.S.A.)Tj 36.857 0.256 Td ( )Tj 11.2 0 0 11.2 123.343 569.5361 Tm (2)Tj 14 0 0 14 128.943 565.9521 Tm (National Center for Atmospheric Research , Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. )Tj 3.703 -2.557 Td (May 10, 2005 -- )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (In review: Climatic Change)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf ( )Tj 2.792 -1.2 Td (September 27, 2005 -- )Tj /T1_3 1 Tf (Revised)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf ( )Tj /T1_1 1 Tf 16.1538 0 0 16.1538 10 475.4223 Tm (Abstract)Tj /T1_0 1 Tf 14 0 0 14 10 439.1674 Tm (The Mann et al. \(1998\) Northern Hemisphere annual temperature reconstr\ uction over 1400-1980 is )Tj 0 -1.2 TD (examined in light of recent criticisms concerning the nature and process\ ing of climate proxy data used in )Tj T* (the reconstruction. A systematic sequence of analyses is presented to ex\ amine issues concerning the )Tj T* (proxy evidence, utilizing both indirect analysis via exclusion of proxie\ s and processing steps subject to )Tj T* (criticism, and direct analysis of principal component \(PC\) processing \ methods in question. Altogether )Tj T* (new reconstructions over 1400-1980 are developed in both the indirect an\ d direct analyses, which )Tj T* (demonstrate that the Mann et al. reconstruction is robust against the pr\ oxy-based criticisms addressed. In )Tj T* (particular, reconstructed temperatures are demonstrated to be largely un\ affected by the use or non-use of )Tj T* (PCs to summarize proxy evidence from the data-rich North American region\ . When proxy PCs are )Tj T* (employed, neither the time period used to "center" the data before PC ca\ lculation nor the way the PC )Tj T* (calculations are performed significantly affects the results, as long as\ the climate information actually in )Tj T* (the proxy data is represented by the PC time series. Clear convergence o\ f the resulting climate )Tj T* (reconstructions is a strong indicator for achieving this criterion. Also\ , recent "corrections" to the Mann )Tj T* (et al. reconstruction that suggest 15th century temperatures could have \ been as high as those of the late-)Tj T* (20th century are shown to be without climatological merit. Our examinati\ on does suggest that a slight )Tj T* (modification to the original Mann et al. reconstruction is potentially a\ ppropriate for the early 15th )Tj T* (century \(~ +0.05\260\), which leaves entirely unaltered the primary con\ clusion of Mann et al. \(as well as )Tj T* (many other reconstructions\) that both the 20th century upward trend and\ high late-20th century )Tj T* (hemispheric surface temperatures are anomalous over at least the last 60\ 0 years. Our results are also )Tj T* (used to evaluate the separate criticism of reduced amplitude in the Mann\ et al. reconstructions over )Tj T* (significant portions of 1400-1900, in relation to some other climate rec\ onstructions and model-based )Tj T* (examinations. We find that, from the perspective of the proxy data thems\ elves, such losses may be )Tj T* (smaller than those reported in other recent work. )Tj 0 -1.1 TD ( )Tj ET EMC /Artifact <>BDC Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm (file:///C|/Documents and Settings/agemmill/My Documents/Andrea/Wahl-Amma\ nn Climatic Change 2005.htm \(1 of 2\)10/13/2005 11:00:20 )Tj (AM)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 24 0 obj<>stream /Artifact <>BDC 0 0 0 rg 0 i BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 9 0 0 9 18 780.17 Tm (Wahl-Ammann: Climatic Change 2005)Tj ET EMC /Article <>BDC q 0 18 612 756 re W* n 0 0 1 RG 0.706 w 10 M 0 j 0 J []0 d 10 751.859 m 217.648 751.859 l S 0 0 1 rg BT /T1_0 1 Tf 14 0 0 14 10 753.9756 Tm (Use R-Code of MBH Reconstruction)Tj 0 0 0 rg ( )Tj ET 0.5 0.5 0.5 rg 10 738.2 m 10 740.2 l 602 740.2 l 601 739.2 l 11 739.2 l 11 739.2 l h f 0.875 0.875 0.875 rg 602 740.2 m 602 738.2 l 10 738.2 l 11 739.2 l 601 739.2 l 601 739.2 l h f 10 717.059 m 104.486 717.059 l S 0 0 1 rg BT /T1_0 1 Tf 14 0 0 14 10 719.1756 Tm (Caspar Ammann)Tj 0 0 0 rg 0 -1.343 TD (Last modified: Fri Sep 30 15:40:11 MDT 2005 )Tj ET EMC /Artifact <>BDC Q BT /T1_0 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 18 7.17 Tm (file:///C|/Documents and Settings/agemmill/My Documents/Andrea/Wahl-Amma\ nn Climatic Change 2005.htm \(2 of 2\)10/13/2005 11:00:20 )Tj (AM)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 25 0 obj(Wahl-Ammann: Climatic Change 2005) endobj 26 0 obj<> endobj 27 0 obj<> endobj 28 0 obj<> endobj 29 0 obj<> endobj 30 0 obj[27 0 R] endobj 31 0 obj(file:///C|/Documents and Settings/agemmill/My Documents/Andrea/Wahl-Ammann Climatic Change 2005.htm) endobj 32 0 obj(¶¼‹ž*[ŠšK/÷•/1) endobj 33 0 obj<> endobj 34 0 obj<> endobj 35 0 obj(Oz¹ó\ni{ÿ¾°på7_¨) endobj 36 0 obj<> endobj 37 0 obj<> endobj 38 0 obj<> endobj 39 0 obj<> endobj 40 0 obj<> endobj 41 0 obj<>stream 2005-10-13T11:00:20-07:00 2005-10-13T11:00:20-07:00 2005-10-13T11:00:20-07:00 application/pdf Wahl-Ammann: Climatic Change 2005 uuid:d314d9fd-dab6-4f32-b5de-79841c9da604 uuid:f48bd0cd-f54b-4f19-b27f-201566c9e0d7 Acrobat Web Capture 7.0 endstream endobj xref 0 42 0000000004 00000 f 0000000016 00000 n 0000000143 00000 n 0000000201 00000 n 0000000006 00000 f 0000000366 00000 n 0000000000 00001 f 0000000432 00000 n 0000000532 00000 n 0000000576 00000 n 0000000623 00000 n 0000000720 00000 n 0000000925 00000 n 0000000969 00000 n 0000000993 00000 n 0000001176 00000 n 0000001359 00000 n 0000001390 00000 n 0000001414 00000 n 0000001559 00000 n 0000001649 00000 n 0000001742 00000 n 0000001831 00000 n 0000001922 00000 n 0000006166 00000 n 0000007263 00000 n 0000007314 00000 n 0000007350 00000 n 0000007484 00000 n 0000007513 00000 n 0000007614 00000 n 0000007638 00000 n 0000007755 00000 n 0000007789 00000 n 0000007907 00000 n 0000007958 00000 n 0000007993 00000 n 0000008036 00000 n 0000008077 00000 n 0000008118 00000 n 0000008202 00000 n 0000008315 00000 n trailer <<763F8DDB470EDA4EA7F262AA0BDAA60F>]>> startxref 11799 %%EOF